Monday, January 9, 2017

Map from Pasco, Washington to Hanford Site, Washington 98944 
 
Notice how close to leaking nuclear waste from Hanford,
the City of Pasco is getting its drinking water1 
 
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESEMENT
(EA)
AND
FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT
(FONSI)
PASCO WATER INTAKE FACILITY
PASCO, WASHINGTON
l. Introduction/Proposed Action
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District (Corps) proposes to
issue an easement to the City of Pasco (City) for the construction, operation, and
maintenance of a water intake facility located (in part) on Corps
-managed federal
land
at approxim
ately
Columbia River Mile 336.3
. The
City is proposing to build
a new water intake facility adjacent to its existing l
-182
intake facility.
Construction of the new water intake facility would assist the City in meet
ing
its
current and projected demands f
or both potable and irrigation water.
ll.
Background Information
Starting in the early 2000s, Pasco became one of the fastest growing cities in
Washington State going from approximately 32,000 people in 2000 to an
estimated population of around 65,600 people in 2013.
The significant increase
in the number of city residents has created the need to ensure a sufficient supply
of water to meet both municipal and irrigation demands now and into the future.
Population forecast numbers from Pasco’s Comprehensive Water System Plan
conservatively project 87,000 residents by 2027 and 100,000 residents by 2030.
Pasco’s two existing water intake facilities are now operating at maximum
capacity and unable to meet Pasco’s current and projected water needs
.
lll. Statement of Purpose and Need
The
Corps
proposes
to issu
e an easement to the City to build a water intake
facility
adjacent to
the
existing l-
182 intake facility located immediately upstream
of the I
-182 bridge on the north shore of the Columbia River. The purpose of the
water intake facility is to provide the City with a sufficient supply of potable (and if
needed, irrigation) water to meet current and future demands. The proposed
water intake project will help meet t
he City’s growing infrastructure
needs
.

About the Columbia River & Volcanos by USGS

The Volcanoes of
Lewis and Clark
The Columbia River and Its Tributaries
 

Map, Columbia River and Tributaries


The Columbia River:
The Columbia River and its tributaries form the dominant water system in the Pacific Northwest. The mainstem of the Columbia rises in Columbia Lake in British Columbia, Canada. After flowing a path for 1,270 miles, the Columbia joins the Pacific Ocean near Astoria, Oregon. The major tributaries of the Columbia are the Kootenai, Flathead/Pend Oreille/Clark's Fork, Snake, and Willamette. The largest of these tributaries, the Snake, travels 1,038 miles from its source in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The Snake River enters the Columbia at Columbia River Mile 325, near Pasco, Washington.


Early History:
The earliest archaeological evidence of human habitation in the Columbia River Basin dates to 10,000 B.P. [Before Present Time] The earliest groups lived by fishing, hunting large mammals, and gathering plant foods. Cultures in the proto-historic and historic periods varied greatly along the river. On the lower Columbia groups lived in large multi-family long houses, while on the middle and upper river sections, people moved seasonally and lived in smaller groups. Native fishers took salmon at Willamette Falls on the Willamette River and at Kettle Falls on the upper Columbia. Celilo Falls on the middle river was the most important native fishery. Thousands gathered there during the spring and summer fish runs to harvest chinook salmon and trade. In the early 19th century, Pacific Fur Company trader Alexander Ross called Celilo "the great emporium or mart of the Columbia."


"River of the West":
The Columbia River first appeared on European maps in the early 17th century as "River of the West," when a Spanish maritime explorer Martin de Auguilar located a major river near the 42nd parallel. Cartographers often labeled the "River of the West" as an estuary to the mythical Straits of Anian, or the Northwest Passage and located it anywhere from the 42nd to the 50th parallel. In 1765, British Major Robert Rogers called the river "Ouragon" -- later spelled "Oregon" by Jonathan Carver in 1778 -- as a derivative name referring to the "ouisconsink" river in present-day Wisconsin. The first confirmation of its location came in 1775 when Bruno de Hezeta described a river estuary at the Columbia's correct latitude.


Exploring the Columbia:
On May 12, 1792, the American Captain Robert Gray, became the first explorer to enter the Columbia River by crossing over the sandbar that blocked its mouth. Gray sailed about 20 miles up the estuary of the river, traded with the Indians for a few days, and then left after drawing a chart of the mouth of the river. He named the river the Columbia after his ship, and claimed it for the United States. British Captain George Vancouver obtained a copy of Gray's chart from the Spanish governor at Nootka Sound and sailed to the mouth of the Columbia River in October 1792. He was unable to get his flagship Discovery over the sandbar, but Lt. William Robert Broughton succeeded with his smaller ship, the Chatham. Broughton advanced nearly 100 miles to a site opposite present-day Portland, Oregon, which he named Point Vancouver. To the east he saw a majestic mountain peak which he named Mount Hood. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored the river in 1805-1806 for the United States, and Northwest Company fur trader David Thompson made the first map of the full river in 1811-1812.


Map, 1766, Coastline around Columbia River, click to enlarge Map, 1775, Coastline around Columbia River, click to enlarge Map, 1781, Columbia River - 'River of the West', click to enlarge Map, 1787, Coastline around Columbia River, click to enlarge Map, 1792, Coastline around Columbia River, click to enlarge Map, 1795, Pacific Northwest and the Columbia River, click to enlarge Map, 1798, Columbia River of George Vancouver, click to enlarge Map, 1804, Pacific Northwest and the Columbia River, click to enlarge Map, 1805, Pacific Northwest and the Columbia River, click to enlarge Map, 1814, Lewis and Clark on the Columbia, click to enlarge Map, 1814, Lewis and Clark on the Columbia, click to enlarge Map, 1833, Illman and Pilbrow, Columbia River, click to enlarge Map, 1853, Washington and Oregon and the Columbia River, click to enlarge Image, ca.1853, Mount St. Helens and the mouth of the Columbia River, click to enlarge Image, 1889, Mount St. Helens and the mouth of the Columbia River, click to enlarge Image, 2003, Columbia River Gorge Image, 2003, Sacajawea State Park
  1. 1766 Map, North American Coastline around the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Original Map: "L'hydrographie fran?oise : recueil des cartes g?n?rales et particuli?res qui ont ?te faites pour le service des vaisseaux du roy, par ordre des Ministres de la marine, depuis 1737, jusqu'en 1765", by Jacques Nicolas Bellin, Created/Published: Paris, 1766. Library of Congress American Memory Archives #G1059 B43 1772. -- U.S. Library of Congress Archives, 2004, "American Memory"
  2. 1775 Map, North American Coastline around the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Original Map: The Russian discoveries from the map published by the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg. Notes: "Printed for Robt. Sayer, Map and Printseller..." Library of Congress American Memory Archives #G7321.S12 1775 .R8 TIL Vault. -- U.S. Library of Congress Archives, 2004, "American Memory"
  3. 1781 Map, "River of the West", Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Original map: Jonathan Carver's ?A New Map of North America From the Latest Discoveries.? In Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768. London, 1781. University of Virginia Special Collection "Lewis & Clark, The Maps of Exploration 1507-1814". -- University of Virginia Library Archives Website, 2004
  4. 1787 Map, North American Coastline around the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Includes Cape Disappointment as "C. de San Roque". Original Map: "Carta que contiene parte de la costa de la California", by Bernabe Munoz, 1787. Scale ca.1:5,000,000. Library of Congress American Memory Archives #G4362.C6 1787 .M8 TIL Vault. -- U.S. Library of Congress Archives, 2004, "American Memory"
  5. 1792 Map, North American Coastline around the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Original Map: Carta de los descrubrimientos hechos en la costa N.O. de la America Septentrional, by Juan de la Bodega y Cuadra, 1792. Notes: Pen-and-ink. Library of Congress American Memory Archives #G3350 1792 .B6 TIL Vault. -- U.S. Library of Congress Archives, 2004, "American Memory"
  6. 1795 Map, Pacific Northwest and the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Includes the Columbia River ("River Oregan"), Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Hood, and Point Vancouver. Original Map: A map exhibiting all the new discoveries in the interior parts of North America / inscribed by permission to the honorable governor and company of adventurers of England trading into Hudsons Bay in testimony of their liberal communications to their most obedient and very humble servant A. Arrowsmith, January 1st 1795. Published: London, 1802. Notes: Relief shown by hachures. Shows "Rivers added east of the Rocky Mountains, 900 L. 450 Lat.," from Tooley's Printed maps of America. In lower margin: London: Published Jan. 1, 1795 by A. Arrowsmith, No. 24 Rathbone Place. Includes notes. Reference: Tooley. Printed maps of America 137. Scale [ca. 1:3,800,000] (W 1600--W 400/N 700--N 250). Library of Congress American Memory Archives #G3300 1802 A7 Vault Casetop. -- U.S. Library of Congress Archives, 2004, "American Memory"
  7. 1798 Map, Columbia River of George Vancouver (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Includes Columbia River, Cape Disappointment, Point Adams, Point Vancouver, and Mount St. Helens. Original Map: George Vancouver's "A Chart Shewing Part of the Coast of N.W. America." In A Voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and Round the World. London, 1798. University of Virginia Special Collection "Lewis & Clark, The Maps of Exploration 1507-1814". -- University of Virginia Library Archives Website, 2004
  8. 1804 Map, Pacific Northwest and the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Includes the Columbia River, Mount Baker, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Hood. Original Map: "North America". Year: 1804. Author: Robert Wilkinson and E. Bourne. Notes: Scale, ca. 1:9,000,000; London, R. Wilkinson, 12th of Aug. 1804; 1 map, hand col.; 51 x 61 cm.; Relief shown by hachures; Prime meridians: Greenwich, Ferro. -- Henry Stevens and Roland Tree, Comparative cartography, exemplified in an analytical & bibliographical description of nearly one hundred maps and charts of the American continent published in Great Britain during the years 1600 to 1850, no. 62a. In the Collection of Map & Geography Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, Call Number: G3300 1804 .W5. -- Univerisity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Website, 2004.
  9. 1805 Map, Pacific Northwest and the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Includes the Columbia River, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Hood. Original Map: A map of part of the continent of North America : between the 35th and 51st degrees of north latitude, and extending from 89o degrees of west longitude to the Pacific Ocean / compiled from the authorities of the best informed travellers by M. Lewis ; copied by Nicholas King, 1805. Notes: Map covers western North America, from Lake Michigan and Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean, including southern Canada and northern Mexico. Pen-and-ink and watercolor. Note from map folder: Map was copied from a sketch by William Clark, not one by Meriwether Lewis as indicated in the title. Copy sectioned and mounted on cloth. Library of Congress American Memory Archives #G3300 1805 .C5 Vault Oversize. -- U.S. Library of Congress Archives, 2004, "American Memory"
  10. 1814 Map, Lewis and Clark's map of the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge.) Includes three of the five volcanoes Lewis and Clark saw and commented on. While the journals mention the expedition seeing Mount Adams, it does not appear on their map. Mount Jefferson is to the south (bottom) and off the map. From the "Nicholas Biddle/Paul Allen" 1814 publication. Original Map: "A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track, Across the Western Portion of North America, From the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean". From: History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark : to the sources of the Missouri, thence across the Rocky Mountains and down the river Columbia to the Pacific Ocean : performed during the years 1804-5-6 : by order of the government of the United States / prepared for the press by Paul Allen. Philadelphia : Bradford and Insskeep, 1814. Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University #upbover maps37. -- Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library Website, 2004.
  11. 1814 Map, Lewis and Clark's map of the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge.) Map includes three of the five volcanoes Lewis and Clark saw and commented on. While the journals mention the expedition seeing Mount Adams, it does not appear on their map. Mount Jefferson is just visible to the south (bottom) and Mount Rainier is to the north but off the map. From the "Nicholas Biddle/Paul Allen" 1814 publication. Original Map: "A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track, Across the Western Portion of North America, From the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean". From: History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark : to the sources of the Missouri, thence across the Rocky Mountains and down the river Columbia to the Pacific Ocean : performed during the years 1804-5-6 : by order of the government of the United States / prepared for the press by Paul Allen. Philadelphia : Bradford and Insskeep, 1814. Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University #upbover maps37. -- Brigham Young University, Harold B. Lee Library Website, 2004.
  12. 1833 Map (section of original), Columbia River. (Click to enlarge). Includes Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson. Note: Mount Baker is depicted (upper middle) but Mounts Adams, Rainier and St. Helens are missing. The Columbia River is shown as "Oregon River" at its mouth and "Columbia or Oregon R." further inland. "Wappatoo Valley" is labeled. Also shows Fort Clatsop ("F. Clatsop or F. George"), the Willamette River ("Multnomah R."), Sandy River ("Quicksand R."), John Day River ("R.La Page"), Walla Walla River ("Wallwullah R."), Snake River ("Lewis R."), and the Yakima River ("Tapete R."). Original Map: Oregon Territory, 1833. Creator: Illman & Pilbrow, published by Illman & Pilbrow, New York. Comments: Illman & Pilbrow is the engraving firm which copyrighted and published this map, the actual artist is unknown. Washington State University Digital Maps Collection #WSU323. University of Washington Digital Maps Collection #UW104. -- Washington State University Early Washington Maps Digital Collection Website, 2004
  13. 1853 Map, Washington and Oregon and the Columbia River, from the Clearwater River to the Snake River and down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Includes: Clearwater River (Kooskooski), Lapwai Creek (Lapwai R.), Snake River (Saptin or Lewis R.), Columbia River (Columbia R.), Yakima River (Yakima R.), Walla Walla River (Wallawalla R.), Umatilla River (Umatilla R.), Willow Creek (Quesnells R.), John Day River (John day's R.), Deschutes River (Fall R.), Willamette River (Willammette R.), and Cowlitz River (Cowlitz R.). Original Map: "Map of California, Oregon, Washington, Utah, and New Mexico (1853)", by Thomas Cowperthwait & Co. Washington State University Archives #WSU22. -- Washington State University Library Collections Website, 2003
  14. ca.1853, Engraving. Mouth of the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Engraving depicts the Mouth of the Columbia River, Point Ellice, Mount St. Helens, and Tongue Point. Original also depicts Cape Disappointment and Point Adams. From: NOAA Photo Archives, America's Coastline Collection #line2075. -- NOAA Photo Archives Website, 2002
  15. 1889, Engraving/Sketch. Mouth of the Columbia River (section of original). (Click to enlarge). Engraving depicts the Mouth of the Columbia River, Point Ellice, Mount St. Helens, and Tongue Point. Original also depicts Scarborough Hill. From: NOAA Library, Pacific Coast Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington, 1889 -- NOAA Photo Archives Website, 2004
  16. 2003, Looking upstream at the Columbia River Gorge (Click to enlarge). Image taken from Washington State Highway 14, at the Cape Horn Overlook. Copyright © 2003 Lyn Topinka, private archives, used with permission.
  17. 2003, Columbia River, from the junction of the Snake River with the Columbia River, looking upstream from Sacajawea State Park, Washington. (Click to enlarge). Lewis and Clark arrived at this junction on October 16, 1805. Copyright © 2003 Lyn Topinka, private archives, used with permission.



-- Excerpts from: Center for Columbia River History Website, 2004, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2002, and the University of Virginia Library Special Collections, 2002.
 

Click for 'The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark' Go to:
The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark



If you have questions or comments please contact: GS-CVO-WEB@usgs.gov
June/July 2004, Lyn Topinka
The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark Home Page | CVO Home Page


Sunday, January 8, 2017





The Columbia River Basin is North America's fourth largest, draining about 250,000 square miles and extending throughout the Pacific Northwest and into Canada. There are more than 250 reservoirs and around 150 hydroelectric projects in the basin, including 18 mainstem dams on the Columbia and its main tributary, the Snake River.
The US Army Corps of Engineers operates nine of 10 major federal projects on the Columbia and Snake rivers, and Dworshak Dam on the Clearwater River, Libby Dam on the Kootenai River, and Albeni Falls Dam on the Pend Oreille River. The federal projects are a major source of power in the region, and provide flood damage reduction, navigation, recreation, fish and wildlife, municipal and industrial water supply, and irrigation benefits.
Columbia River Basin DamsDams and Salmon
The Corps operates a series of eight dams on the lower Columbia and Snake rivers that affect the habitat and migration of anadromous salmon and steelhead species. These are Bonneville, The Dalles, John Day and McNary on the lower Columbia; and Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental, Little Goose and Lower Granite on the lower Snake River. The dams impede juvenile and adult migrations to and from the ocean by their physical presence and by creating reservoirs. The reservoirs behind the dams slow water velocities, alter river temperatures, and increase predation potential. Reduced water velocity increases the time it takes juveniles to migrate downstream, higher water temperatures may have adverse effects on juvenile and adult behavior, and predators find prey more easily in slower-moving water. However, all eight of these dams have juvenile and adult fish passage facilities to enable fish to migrate past the dams; and, the dams are operated to improve passage as well as reservoir conditions for fish.
--------------------

from US Army Corps of Engineers  who set up and built most of the dam system of the Columbia R.

Saturday, January 7, 2017

These ancient Sanskrit poems or Vedas from India, of sage wisdom of early civilization,
were from the same time period, around 10,000 years ago,
 as Celillo Falls was an active salmon harvesting and international gathering place of Peace, Merriment, Art & Cultural Sharing and Prosperity,
to all those willing to travel and work the harvest and preserving season.

Nourishment of protein and minerals from the Sea
was brought back to almost all tribes of Cascadia and farther inward, up the Columbia and Snake Rivers into the sage desert of the Great Basin, all the way up to Yellowstone Mt.

Then the Europeans arrived in the 1700s
Lewis & Clark journeyed across it, saw it and claimed it was of the U.S.A
handing the tribal friends, a medalion to prove it to anyone who would doubt them.
Then the fur trappers and trading posts were set up, as Beaver Hats were in style  in the East & Europe.
French fur trappers first  arrived ,1800s  married local  tribal gals and had a joly Frenchtown
full of music and merriment  along the WallaWalla River.....
up until the Homestead  Act of 1850 to settle the West fast.

It gave about 600 acres to every couple setting up a really good farm & homestead out west
particularely in Oregon Country
which turned into the 3 states of Oregon, Washington & Idaho,over the next 25 years.

Catholic missionaries and Scottish Protestant pastors came on in saying they knew best how to pray
and that they would teach the uneducated native folks how to work hard and farm the land.
The Whitman Homestead  & Mission was set up by Frenchtown, Walla Walla Washington.,
the Oregon Trail of incoming Pioneers, settlers in wagon trains came on into the Northwest there.
Towns, farms, ranches and cities began.

1860s Gold was found in  a handful of areas and civilization reorganized as the the ruthless shitheads came in stealing gold and killing people without concern for friends, families or kindness.
Power over, was found in the value given to Gold.
It paid for mansions and luxurious foods for all the friends money brings.

And thats about where we are at this stage of Heartless Gold Diggers & their Evil War Machine


The thousands of years of Peace and Prosperity at the Cellillo Falls Gatherings of the Tribes and Salmon Harvests in the Mid Columbia River, where it cuts through the Cascades to the Sea ,
ended one day, March 10, 1957

Wikipedia on Cellilo Falls explains why "We " did this,
" Aluminum production, shipbuilding, and nuclear production at the Hanford site contributed to a rapid increase in regional demand for electricity. By 1943, fully 96 percent of Columbia River electricity was being used for war manufacturing.[21] The volume of water at Celilo Falls made The Dalles an attractive site for a new dam in the eyes of the Corps of Engineers
 "
So the US government put in the Dalles Dam across the Columbia downstream of Cellilo Falls to make electricity for Portland and the whole NW region of settlers, gold diggers and bomb makers, barge shipping on flatwaters through locks, irrigation for food production in the dry inner basin,
...

The lake rose behind the Dalles Dam, flooding the falls where the Salmon had traditionally been caught for 15,000 years, in pole nets from docks bravely extended out from the side rocks into the waterfalls.

Now how bout we go back to the merriment of Frenchtown in Walla Walla, and call it Good.


 Love,
Louisa Hamachek